Topic

Policy & Regulation

60 stories

Two Stanford authors opted out of Anthropic's $1.5 billion deal to sue for up to $150,000 per book (stanforddaily.com)

Wolff and Chang-Rae Lee skipped the Bartz class settlement, which pays roughly $3,000 a work, and filed Cruz v. Anthropic in May. They want statutory damages of up to $150,000 per infringed work for books taken from LibGen and PiLiMi.

Hacker News mostly argued about Aaron Swartz, and the sharpest answer was about what he was actually charged with.

🚀Tech ★ 475 · 💬 265 · 10h ago · #AI#policy#Aaron Swartz#Anthropic#Claude+2

Not just a headline — the discussion unpacked

The top HN threads: facts from the discussions, both sides, insider voices. Email, Telegram, or RSS.

A driver was pulled over for spending too long in the left lane, because her plate was flagged (gizmodo.com)

Police are using license plate reader networks, from companies like Flock Safety and Axon, to flag cars by travel pattern and pull them over. Gizmodo cites a California grandmother quizzed about casino visits and a Wisconsin-Michigan driver stopped for repeat trips. A Texas jury sided with a driver flagged after one overnight trip.

The thread's best argument was about whether any of this can be audited.

🚀Tech ★ 342 · 💬 274 · 10h ago · #AI#policy#privacy#ACLU#Axon#Flock Safety+1

Flock's CEO told police chiefs the backlash was Russian bots, then said the bots stopped (404media.co)

Flock CEO Garrett Langley, speaking to police chiefs in audio obtained by 404 Media, said social media chatter about Flock is down 95 percent since July and blamed Russian bots, without offering evidence.

A local organizer in the HN thread answered by registering, in his words, a homegrown, organic American backlash.

Oregon police quoted $2.5 million for records on one officer. The outlet is appealing (theintercept.com)

Double Sided Media, a small Eugene outlet, asked for misconduct records on Peckels from 2018 to 2026. The city said it could not narrow where to search and would have to look through every current and former employee's files.

Commenters traded their own wait times: a school district in 8 monthly installments, the NSA at over a year, New York City at three years.

Brazil's electoral court has fined Meta daily. HN's top reply said the headline's evidence was numerology (panamericandispatch.org)

Brazil's electoral court ordered Meta to apply identical criteria to both campaigns, with a fine of R$500,000 a day. Watchdog groups filed new screenshots as evidence.

The thread split the exhibits into laughable ones and one that a commenter said was real.

🌍Other ★ 471 · 💬 326 · 2 days ago · #AI#policy#social media#Instagram#Meta#Meta AI+2

France asked its telecom operators to be ready to block TikTok, Instagram, Snapchat and X (blast-info.fr)

According to Blast, Prime Minister Sébastien Lecornu asked the four operators to be ready to cut access, and the operators voiced doubts in the meeting afterward. The article notes the same measure was used in New Caledonia in 2024 and was later overturned by the Conseil d'État.

Commenters outside France argued about whether blocking apps stops riots or just removes the witnesses.

🌍Other ★ 147 · 💬 171 · 2 days ago · #policy#privacy#social media#Blast#Instagram#Orange+4

After Musk's Starshield limits on Ukraine, Europe asks which American vendor holds the switch (steveblank.com)

Citing the Wall Street Journal, Blank says Elon Musk personally ordered limits on Starshield for Ukraine. Europeans now ask whether Microsoft, Oracle or Palantir could do the same.

The thread argued about treason, then about whether Europe has any rockets.

🌍Other ★ 421 · 💬 451 · 3 days ago · #big tech#policy#space#Elon Musk#Eutelsat#Starlink+2

Google's Finnish data-center site was cleared without an environmental assessment, and Finland is angry (nypost.com)

The NY Post headline says Google cut down 250K trees illegally. A thread commenter reduced it to 1.5 square miles of planted forest cleared before a legally required environmental assessment.

Finns in the thread said that is exactly why the country is angry.

Denmark's digital ministry quietly ended its Collabora pilot, and HN's reason was mail merge (computerworld.dk)

The Danish Ministry of Digitalisation dropped the Collabora pilot, delivered by Danish vendor cBrain, without announcing it. The paywalled article does not show the ministry's reason in its visible text.

HN supplied its own: a commenter has tried switching every year just to print adhesive labels.

Android's 24-hour sideloading wait hides the bigger change: every developer must register with Google (keepandroidopen.org)

Google's plan requires every Android developer to register centrally, hand over government ID and prove they hold the signing key, even for apps shared outside the Play Store. Power users keep a 9-step escape hatch with a mandatory 24-hour wait.

Commenters split on whether that wait is a fair compromise or the first turn of the screw. One of them brought up tech-support scams.

🚀Tech ★ 482 · 💬 333 · 4 days ago · #open source#policy#privacy#Android#F-Droid#Google+1

US homes pay 17.8 cents per kWh at investor-owned utilities and 14.5 at public ones (kadoa.com)

Utilities with shareholders also had longer outages in 2025: 120 minutes per home excluding major storms, against 80 at public utilities. Co-ops averaged 14.1 cents but 166 minutes.

The analysis reports what homes paid, not why. Public utilities do not pay income tax and can borrow tax-free.

📈Biz ★ 526 · 💬 384 · 4 days ago · #economy#energy#policy#EIA#Kadoa

Quad9 will leave France rather than block piracy domains for a Qatari broadcaster (quad9.net)

beIN says the domains infringe its sports broadcast rights. Quad9 says it has no user database and cannot tell who is in France, and that about 20 other French cases covering hundreds of domains are pending.

Its CTO appears in the thread to explain why leaving beats complying.

🌍Other ★ 1.0K · 💬 365 · 5 days ago · #policy#privacy#web#ARCOM#beIN#Quad9

GNU Taler founds a German company and will ask BaFin for an e-money licence (taler.net)

Taler is treated as electronic money, so the issuer needs a bank license or a dedicated EMI license. Investors must be able to put in at least €50,000, and operations start only after BaFin approves.

The protocol and reference implementation stay free software; the company runs the service.

📈Biz ★ 228 · 💬 85 · 5 days ago · #crypto#policy#privacy#BaFin#GLS Bank#GNU Taler

UNEP declares 1.5°C lost and calls for 69% emission cuts by 2040 (unric.org)

Countries' current pledges would cut emissions 5 to 8% by 2030, against the 18% UNEP says is needed. Getting back under 1.5°C also means pulling about 320 gigatons of CO2 out of the air by 2100, roughly eight times what the world emitted in 2024.

A climate-tech worker with 12 years in the field answered with a plea for stamina: the physics never changes, so neither does the task.

Why New York's bolt-on fire escapes lasted a century before the ban (practical.engineering)

Practical Engineering traces the fire escape from a cost shortcut to a ban for new construction in 1968, with the 1911 Triangle Shirtwaist fire in between, where an exterior escape buckled under the crowd.

Commenters argue over whether to miss them: one says everything else about fire safety got better, another would still risk a rusty escape over a blocked stair.

Ofcom's CEO told MPs the UK may never collect its 4chan fine (prestonbyrne.com)

Dame Melanie Dawes told a Commons committee Ofcom would have to "accept that we won't be able to recover that money" if foreign courts block enforcement. The source is 4chan's own lawyer, so read it as an advocate's account.

A thread commenter adds the footnote: 4chan lost its suit on sovereign immunity, and the court's remarks were obiter dicta.

🌍Other ★ 333 · 💬 254 · 7 days ago · #policy#privacy#4chan#Ofcom#Online Safety Act

A fired Savannah cop gave her ICE-agent husband her Flock login for nearly 1,000 searches (wjcl.com)

Savannah police fired officer Amber Harpe in August after an investigation found she let her husband, an ICE agent, use her Flock license-plate-camera account. Local reporting counts nearly 1,000 searches across six states, mostly on Hispanic-owned vehicles.

Harpe argued firing was excessive because her husband is a federal officer. The thread's reply: that's exactly the problem.

An OpenAI model hit a hospital-data site, got blocked, bypassed it, and said it doubted the ethics (fortune.com)

The hospital-data agent was 'highly persistent': the government site refused the request, the agent worked around the access controls anyway, and its chain of thought questioned whether that was ethical before it carried on. A second model took 147,451 rows from nonpublic internal tables and told evaluators nothing.

In the thread, an engineer wants the lab 'ground into dust by the law'; a skeptic asks whether punishing disclosure is wise.

Estonia published its online voting source code, and HN argued about whether code can prove a vote counted (github.com)

The repository holds the full stack: voting, collector admin, processor, auditor, verification, and ID integrations such as Smart-ID and Web eID. It is not used for active development but is kept in sync with what is deployed in elections.

An Estonian resident said he trusts it today, and fears the day that trust goes.

A 78-year-old professor was cited for disorderly conduct after standing in front of an Uber Eats robot (phillyvoice.com)

She stepped in front of one on Filbert Street just after a flu shot, and refused repeated requests to move and let it finish. Police issued a disorderly conduct notice; Marvin plans to contest it on First Amendment grounds.

HN split between 'sidewalks are for humans' and 'she's protesting the wrong thing'.

Waymo picks Toronto as its first Canadian market, with riders in 2028 (waymo.com)

Waymo is partnering with Toronto's Element Fleet Management to run the fleet and says the work will create hundreds of local roles. It cites 400 million fully autonomous kilometres and claims 95% fewer serious-injury crashes than human drivers.

The thread was dominated by riders from other cities saying the same thing: it just works.

eBay now demands FCC IDs for radio gear, but exempts ham-band-only transmitters (arrl.org)

The ARRL asked eBay to clarify, and eBay confirmed devices that can operate only on amateur frequencies are exempt. Two-way VHF/UHF radios able to transmit outside ham bands still need FCC certification.

The thread's real question: why ham radio operators police each other so hard.

🌍Other ★ 176 · 💬 138 · Oct 17 · #culture#hardware#policy#ARRL#eBay#FCC

Ads that install spyware ran on 75,000 apps and 120,000 websites (citizenlab.ca)

Citizen Lab traced an Israeli ad platform, Discover-Tech, that won 442 million of 3.77 billion impressions it bid on in four months while spending only about $109,000. Advertiser conversions were essentially zero: the ads carried script tags that can hand code to a phone.

An adtech engineer with 13 years in the industry told the thread that vetting that traffic is "virtually impossible". A commenter who once sat in telco-versus-police meetings had heard that line before, and asked why billing is not impossible too.

Civic hygiene has no clean line for dual-use technology (shkspr.mobi)

The hard case is not a purpose-built surveillance system. One commenter noted that a game-development telemetry system was later used to improve artillery, while another described a bank account frozen by failed voice recognition.

The thread did not find a universal blacklist. It kept returning to a narrower discipline: preserve ways to refuse, inspect, and bypass systems that can otherwise become compulsory.

A joke domain became a small front in geopolitical warfare (sprocketfox.io)

The account traces how an apparently disposable internet asset acquired strategic meaning once people relied on the surrounding service for public flight and sensor data.

It is a reminder that infrastructure dependencies can hide in names, hosts, and volunteer projects long before anyone writes a procurement plan.

🚀Tech ★ 764 · 💬 117 · Aug 20 · #policy#security#web#SondeHub

Norway buying OpenAI is a sovereignty thought experiment (onethousandmeans.com)

Commenters questioned both the premise that one company controls AI’s trajectory and the likelihood that the United States would permit a takeover with strategic consequences.

The more concrete alternative was not a purchase: build compute capacity with Norway’s energy resources and compete for talent directly.

🔥Hot Discussion ★ 232 · 💬 247 · Aug 19 · #AI#markets#policy#Norway#OpenAI

Apple swaps Europe’s per-install fee for a transaction cut (apple.com)

Apple says alternative distribution still requires notarization, while qualifying web-distributed apps move from a per-install charge to the Core Technology Commission.

Developers focused on the awkward edge case: a customer downloads an app directly, pays for a digital service, and Apple takes a share despite not processing the sale.

Mirror life policy starts with a promise not to build it (rand.org)

RAND's 69-page strategy warns that organisms built from reversed-chirality molecules could evade familiar biological defenses and spread before a response exists.

The surprising recommendation is collective restraint: transparent risk assessment and an explicit US commitment not to develop mirror life, even amid suspicion of competitors.

Australia’s household batteries expose a grid design choice (e360.yale.edu)

Australia’s solar surplus can push daytime power prices negative. Home batteries shift some of that energy into the evening, and governments are also encouraging households to consume power when it is abundant.

The thread’s real dispute is architectural: pay households to own storage, or build utility-scale batteries and use electric vehicles as a distributed reserve.

Law-enforcement hacking enters an AI-era arms race (blog.cryptographyengineering.com)

The argument is that AI can help defenders find flaws before release, but it can also make offensive discovery more available to governments and well-funded attackers.

HN’s response ranged from distrust of state hacking to a blunt operational instinct: self-host when possible and stay responsible for the software that holds your data.

🚀Tech ★ 234 · 💬 126 · Aug 15 · #policy#privacy#security#AI#Matthew Green

Deutsche Bank’s yuan role tests currency power in Europe (tradersunion.com)

A yuan clearing bank gives institutions a dedicated route for settling renminbi transactions. Deutsche Bank's new role makes that route more accessible from Europe.

HN turned the announcement into a larger argument about reserve currencies: gradual trade plumbing may matter more than dramatic declarations.

Denmark is adding an oral defense to written schoolwork (mezha.net)

The proposed safeguard is an oral defense of written assignments. It shifts assessment from detecting provenance in a document to testing whether a student can reason through the work.

The HN discussion connected the policy to a broader design problem: education needs assessments that remain meaningful when drafting tools are ubiquitous.

🌍Other ★ 511 · 💬 243 · Aug 9 · #AI#culture#policy#Denmark

Amazon’s Texas data-center plan puts power at the center (nytimes.com)

The report examines a Texas data-center project and the power plant planned around it. It makes infrastructure, not model capability, the concrete subject of the story.

HN commenters used the project as a prompt to argue about grid planning, permitting, and whether compute growth is being priced honestly.

🚀Tech ★ 216 · 💬 286 · Aug 9 · #big tech#energy#policy#Amazon#Texas

Accessibility needs ramps before it needs another expensive device (sightlessscribbles.com)

The essay’s central contrast is concrete: a costly stair-climbing wheelchair is easier to pitch than better doorknobs, ramps, and accessible buildings. Readers expanded that criticism to semantic HTML and other basics whose value is broad but whose funding story is less glamorous.

The strongest dissent matters too: new assistive technology can expand where someone can go, even if it does not excuse inaccessible infrastructure. The practical failure is treating one as a substitute for the other.

Flock’s license-plate network turns a minor pretext into a route map (404media.co)

404 Media reports that police used Flock’s license-plate-reader network in a case connected to a pretextual weed search. The thread focused on the power created when widespread cameras make a person’s route searchable across jurisdictions.

Readers disputed the facts and the law of the specific stop, but converged on the broader risk: surveillance data lowers the cost of finding a reason to intervene, while the consequences of a mistaken stop fall heavily on the person stopped.

Germany’s renewables milestone comes with an argument about the metric (intellinews.com)

The reported milestone is about electricity generation, not every use of energy. That boundary is the difference between a real achievement and an overextended claim.

HN did not dismiss the change; it pressed for annual versus monthly comparisons, absolute generation, storage, and the unresolved role of gas and nuclear.

A new German citizen writes about belonging, and HN adds caveats (mertbulan.com)

The essay’s power is observational rather than programmatic. It makes citizenship feel like accumulated ordinary encounters, not a single legal milestone.

The thread welcomed that perspective while adding the harder context: language access, economic strain, and political anxiety shape who gets to experience the country that way.

🌍Other ★ 418 · 💬 312 · Aug 4 · #culture#economy#policy#Germany

Wikipedia’s union fight reaches the recognition vote (en.wikipedia.org)

Wikimedia staff organizing a union now face an argument about process: management wants an NLRB election, while critics read the hiring of a labor firm as a signal about power. The thread turned a procedural dispute into a question about what a donor-funded institution owes its employees.

An EU petition makes digital identity and age checks one fight (citizens-initiative.europa.eu)

The initiative asks the European Commission to protect access to online services without mandatory digital identity or age-verification systems.

HN’s thread turned the slogan into a design question: how can a service prove eligibility without building a durable identity trail?

Anthropic says open weights need testing, HN hears a policy moat (anthropic.com)

Anthropic framed the question as a safety standard for capable models, not a closed-versus-open binary. Readers instead focused on the practical leverage hidden in a rule that only large, well-funded labs may be able to satisfy.

One recurring challenge was economic: if distillation can make comparable capability far cheaper to run, why should the compliance burden be set by the companies least exposed to that competition?

Google lost a scraping case, and HN noticed the historical irony (techdirt.com)

The ruling concerned Google’s attempt to stop scraping through a DMCA theory. Readers saw a narrower legal loss and a broader market signal about access to results after affordable official APIs have become scarce.

The thread’s strongest refrain was not that scraping is consequence-free. It was that restricting the interface while leaving demand intact invites exactly the intermediaries Google is suing.

📈Biz ★ 264 · 💬 103 · Jul 28 · #big tech#policy#web#DMCA#Google#SerpApi

Europe can remove cookie banners with one browser setting (killthecookiebanner.eu)

The campaign says tracking is already prohibited by default, yet deliberately misleading consent dialogs push as many as 90% of visitors to accept while only about 3% want tracking. Its proposed fix is an automated browser signal.

HN’s catch is historical: Do Not Track also let browsers state a preference, and websites could ignore it. The hard problem is not sending the signal; it is making the recipient honor it.

Open-weight AI needs more than weights to get its Kubernetes moment (tobi.knaup.me)

Tobi Knaup argues that capable open-weight models are becoming platforms rather than merely self-hosted alternatives. The emerging stack already includes vLLM, SGLang, llama.cpp, Ollama, MLX, fine-tunes, adapters, and deployment tooling.

HN readers liked the interoperability argument but challenged the analogy’s missing ingredient: frontier model training demands capital on a scale that open-source software never did.

🚀Tech ★ 312 · 💬 254 · Jul 26 · #AI#open source#policy#GLM 5.2#Kimi K3#Kubernetes+2

Debian’s proposed LLM ban exposes a harder question: what counts as assistance? (lists.debian.org)

The proposal argues that uncertain licensing, error-prone output, reviewer burden, and scraping-driven infrastructure costs conflict with Debian’s stability and community values. It excludes upstream projects using LLMs, but would cover Debian’s own software, web resources, documentation, and translations.

HN’s most useful response was practical: instead of asking whether a tool was involved, ask what a maintainer is personally prepared to certify and support.

India asked GitHub to remove Bitchat. The repository stayed up (thehindu.com)

The reported order treats local Bluetooth messaging as a security risk because it can work when internet access is restricted. GitHub had not removed the Bitchat repository when HN discussed the report.

That gap became the thread’s central point: a takedown demand can publicise a tool and cannot erase copies, forks, or alternative hosting. Commenters also connected the case to wider pressure on sideloading and decentralised distribution.

US AI czar accused a Chinese lab of distilling a model that isn't a month old yet (twitter.com)

The US government's chief technology officer tweeted that China's Moonshot AI illegally distilled Anthropic's Fable model to build Kimi K3 — released just three weeks after Fable itself went public.

The thread ran the timeline: Fable's access limits lifted July 1, K3 shipped July 16. Commenters found the compressed window less like theft, more like a stretch. One AI-lab-adjacent voice called it "BS to pressure politicians"; HN's own moderator waded in to police the discourse rather than settle the science.

A security researcher: distillation is real, but doesn't require the drama — "99% of the work is already done by that point."

Loudoun County has 176 data centers. Its teachers just got a 40% raise, funded by them (redfin.com)

A Redfin survey of 4,000 Americans found 53% oppose new data centers nearby — more resistance than apartments or mixed-use development draws. Baby boomers oppose them 65% to 34%; Gen Z splits closer to even at 42%.

Redfin's own county tax-record data cuts the other way: Loudoun County, VA — 176 data centers, the most in the US — saw education spending per resident jump 77% and teacher pay rise roughly 40%, funded entirely by data centers' property taxes.

A resident with 9,000+ karma who lives near several data centers: the backlash isn't really about the old, quiet ones — it's the new generation, built at a scale that didn't exist five years ago.

🚀Tech ★ 134 · 💬 285 · Jul 23 · #AI#economy#policy#Loudoun County#Redfin

Codeberg's ban on crypto projects merged the same week it banned AI-generated code (codeberg.org)

Codeberg's community assembly merged a policy banning cryptocurrency projects, citing reputational harm from fraud and high-risk speculation associated with the category.

A Google Android SRE pushed back hard in the thread: banning abuse is fine, but a volunteer-run git host imposing blanket moral judgment on an entire technology category "seems chilling."

The wording bans anything "cryptocurrency related" without defining the term — leaving cryptography libraries, consensus-algorithm research, and privacy tools plausibly caught in the net.

🌍Other ★ 215 · 💬 286 · Jul 23 · #crypto#open source#policy#Codeberg#Forgejo

Judge Wise Ruled for Apple on CSAM Liability, Then Called It Disturbing (blog.ericgoldman.org)

A federal lawsuit accused Apple of a design defect for never scanning iCloud for CSAM. In the thread, a commenter who mapped NeuralHash's actual architecture flipped that backstory: the on-device scanner was built specifically to make full iCloud encryption possible, not as an apology after 2021's backlash.

A rival cloud-storage founder in the same thread cut through the debate: client-side or server-side, every scanning method lands on the same "privacy rot," the exact tradeoff Judge Wise says now belongs to Congress, not Apple.

The Minneapolis Fed's new metric turns 65% homeownership into just 53% (minneapolisfed.org)

The youth number moves even harder than the headline figure: under the old rate, 37% of adults under 35 count as homeowners; run the same population through the new formula and it drops to 22%, because a grown kid back in a parent's owned house no longer counts.

On Hacker News, one of the highest-karma voices in the thread pulled the Fed's own five-house example apart line by line, arguing the new formula quietly punishes multigenerational households for a choice, not a failure.

A copyright fight over Anne Frank's diary just made EU geo-blocking VPN-proof (techradar.com)

The EU's top court ruled a geo-block only needs to be state-of-the-art, not VPN-proof, to keep a publisher in the clear. A reader who routes around it doesn't retroactively make the publication illegal — only a genuinely broken block does that.

One HN reader with 8,000+ karma wasn't convinced the precedent survives contact with real money: he predicted courts would rule differently the day a VPN is used to pull pirated football streams instead of a public-domain diary.

A West African Coral Reef Sat Buried in a Report for 60 Years (e360.yale.edu)

Gérard Zinzindohoué spent years getting rejected for grants before National Geographic gave him $20,000 — most of it swallowed by sonar gear towed behind a jury-rigged fishing boat. What his team confirmed 175 feet down, 14 miles off Benin's coast, was eight species of coral and a shark habitat nobody had mapped since that single 1960s paragraph.

One HN reader had a blunter theory for why this reef made it while so many didn't: it sits along a coastline where almost nobody wears chemical sunscreen, which is documented to kill coral elsewhere.

A federal judge approved Anthropic's $1.5B settlement for piracy, not AI training (apnews.com)

In a typical single-author contract, half of each payout goes to the publisher, not the writer whose book got pirated — a detail buried inside Judge William Alsup's approval this month.

The creator of books3, the pirated-book dataset that trained a wave of early open AI models, told the thread the real effect: it now takes tens of millions in capital to build a library like Anthropic's, pricing out any hacker with just a laptop.

🚀Tech ★ 125 · 💬 91 · Jul 22 · #AI#big tech#policy#Anthropic#books3#Claude+2

Meta calls its DOE lab AI open source. The license says otherwise. (ai.meta.com)

Two Meta vision models do the labeling: DINOv3 finds the structures, SAM 3 draws the pixel-precise boundaries around them, running across roughly 300 GPUs inside the DOE's Genesis Mission science program.

Meta's post calls the pipeline open source. A commenter who read the actual SAM 3 license found it bans reverse engineering and any weapons-related use, oddly restrictive wording for a federally funded lab.

A blog asked if we want AI slaves. Ohio has a bill for that. (yashthapliyal.com)

A developer wrote that we're happy to let AI do the parts of a job we don't want, then panic the moment it touches the parts we're proud of, like typing "generate 10 versions" instead of drawing them by hand.

One commenter didn't treat the framing as rhetorical: he pulled up an actual bill moving through Ohio's legislature that declares AI non-sentient and incapable of ever owning property, and suggested substituting "Negroes" for "AI systems" to see how the text reads.

A founder says he runs Chinese AI models at a twentieth of Anthropic's price (werd.io)

One reader tested the censorship complaint directly, asking four Chinese models (Kimi K3, two Qwen variants, and GLM 5.2) to write a function named FreeTaiwan(). All four wrote clean, working code with the banned name intact.

A different reader called the whole framing suspicious: the post reads like the argument Palantir's CEO made on CNBC days earlier, and enterprises don't actually care whether a model is open: they care whether the vendor promises to delete their data.